Between Tradition and Transformation: Gender Roles and Cultural Identity of Temple Wives in Japanese Buddhism

This paper explores the evolving gender roles and cultural identities of temple wives in Japanese Buddhism, focusing on the transition “between tradition and transformation” in the Jōdu Shinshū Sect. Unlike traditional Buddhist practices that prohibit clerical marriage, Japan allows monks to marry, making the role of temple wives unique. Historically, temple wives were responsible for domestic duties and supporting their husbands’ religious work, often within a patriarchal structure. This study examines how these roles have changed from older to newer generations, emphasizing shifts in gender dynamics and cultural identity. The research highlights temple wives’ increasing visibility and leadership in contemporary Buddhist communities. The older temple wife, who has long been in charge of running the temple, and her daughter-in-law, who took over recently, are the main subjects of this paper. It examines the traditional duties of temple wives and the transformations in their gender and cultural identities within Japanese Buddhism. In recent decades, evolving gender dynamics and societal calls for equality have led to significant changes. Modern temple wives reshape their identities beyond conventional norms by embracing leadership positions, pursuing Buddhist education, and participating in community service. This research argues that the transformations of temple wives reflect a significant cultural shift as they move from passive preservers of religious heritage to active agents of change. Examining the experiences of both older and newer generations highlights the intersection of tradition, gender, and cultural identity in Japanese Buddhism. The study sheds light on how religious institutions navigate changing societal expectations while maintaining core spiritual values.