Parameter Estimation of Bilinear State‐Space Systems With Nonlinear Input via Enhanced Nadam Algorithm by Line Search Method

ABSTRACT This article investigates the problem of parameter estimation for bilinear state‐space systems with nonlinear input. An innovative approach that combines the Nesterov‐accelerated adaptive moment estimation algorithm with a line search strategy is proposed to address such complex systems. The proposed algorithm uses the backtracking line search method to dynamically select an appropriate step‐size, thereby enhancing estimation efficiency. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is demonstrated through simulation experiments.