The Influence of Two-Dimensional g-C3N4, MXene, and Fe2O3 Additives on Tribofilm Formation in Mechanical Interfaces

Abstract This study investigated the effects of two-dimensional (2D) g-C3N4, MXene, and Fe2O3 additives on tribofilm formation in mechanical interfaces. Fe2O3 was synthesized using the hydrothermal method, g-C3N4 was prepared by the thermal melamine treatment, and MXene was obtained by etching the MAX phase. The nanoparticles were characterized by using X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy, and the wall thicknesses were found to be 171.5 nm, 77.6 nm, and 62.6 nm, respectively. Tribological tests were carried out under a constant 20 N load using engine oil with and without additives. Wear tests were evaluated by examining the friction coefficient, specific wear-rate, surface temperature, and wear scar morphology. Optimum performance was obtained at a nanoparticle concentration of 0.5 mg/ml. Adding Fe2O3, MXene, and g-C3N4 nanoparticles at this concentration reduced the friction coefficient by 21%, 23%, and 8%, respectively. Specific wear-rates were reduced by 29.6%, 32.4%, and 18.5%, respectively, while the surface temperature was decreased by 6.08%, 3.87%, and 3.32%, respectively. Among the additives, MXene showed the best performance as a wear inhibitor due to its ability to form stable tribofilm and enhance the lubrication performance. This study highlights the promising application of 2D nanomaterials in developing advanced lubricants for improved wear resistance and thermal stability.