Clinico-Histopathological Study of Changes in Placenta in Pregnancy Induced Hypertension

Background: Pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) is a common condition that affects maternal and fetal health, characterized by elevated blood pressure after the 20th week of gestation. PIH can lead to several complications, including preeclampsia, fetal growth restriction, and preterm birth. This study aims to explore the clinical and histopathological changes associated with PIH and their clinical relevance in pregnancy outcomes. Methods: A descriptive, observational study was conducted involving 30 pregnant women diagnosed with PIH and a control group of 30 healthy pregnant women. Clinical parameters such as blood pressure, proteinuria, edema, and headache were recorded. Placental samples were collected at delivery and subjected to histopathological examination to assess changes such as fibrinoid necrosis, villous edema, trophoblastic invasion, placental infarction, syncytial knots, and vascular changes. Data were analyzed using SPSS, and statistical significance was determined using chi-square and t-tests. Results: The study found that women with PIH exhibited significantly higher blood pressure (both systolic and diastolic), a higher incidence of proteinuria, edema, and headaches compared to the control group. Histopathologically, PIH placentas showed significantly higher rates of fibrinoid necrosis, villous edema, abnormal trophoblastic invasion, placental infarction, syncytial knots, and vascular thickening, all of which were associated with impaired placental function. The p-values for most parameters were <0.001, confirming the significant differences between the PIH and control groups. Conclusion: The clinical and histopathological changes observed in PIH pregnancies highlight the detrimental impact of PIH on placental health and fetal outcomes. Histopathological changes such as placental infarction, syncytial knots, and abnormal trophoblastic invasion are associated with compromised placental function and adverse pregnancy outcomes. This study underscores the importance of early detection and monitoring of PIH to improve maternal and fetal health outcomes. The findings provide valuable insights into the pathophysiology of PIH, offering potential avenues for early intervention and improved clinical management.