Shared Misconceptions in Theories of “Chinese Imperialism” and “Brazilian Subimperialism” in Latin America

In the early twenty-first century, China’s economic and political presence in Latin America grew significantly, particularly after its accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO), while Brazil took on an active leadership role in promoting regional integration, especially during the Workers’ Party (PT) administrations. This period saw a surge in analyses labeling China’s engagement in Latin America as “imperialist” and Brazil’s as “subimperialist.” By critically examining the key foreign policy instruments employed by both nations in the Latin American context, this article challenges these characterizations, arguing instead that Brazil and China’s actions have strengthened South–South cooperation and provided constructive alternatives for the international integration of the region’s countries.