Revolutionizing aqueous batteries: Exploring the challenges and thriving advancements

Aqueous batteries have garnered considerable attention due to their cost-effectiveness, safety features, high ionic conductivity , and eco-friendliness. However, they also face several critical challenges that hinder their widespread adoption. These include a narrow electrochemical stability window of water (∼1.23 V), which restricts the operating voltage of the battery and limits energy density . In addition, dendrite growth on metal anodes (particularly zinc) can lead to short-circuiting and capacity fading. Other issues involve poor cycling stability, gas evolution (hydrogen/oxygen) due to water decomposition, low Coulombic efficiency, and the corrosive nature of aqueous electrolytes, which degrade electrode materials over time. This study delves into the obstacles and recent resolutions for aqueous battery systems utilizing carrier ions such as sodium , magnesium, zinc, aluminium , and lithium. Its primary objective is to demonstrate the potential of aqueous batteries as a feasible and sustainable option in the evolving energy storage technologies. Progress in materials science and innovative design approaches are essential in surmounting these challenges. By scrutinizing key advancements in electrode materials, electrolyte compositions, and battery structures, this study spotlights the continuous endeavors to refine and commercialize aqueous batteries. Additionally, this study evaluates research papers published from 2014 to the current period, offering a comprehensive summary of advancements in the field. • Emerging Importance of Aqueous Batteries : Aqueous batteries are cost-effectivene, safe, possess high ionic conductivity, and proposed as a promising energy storage solution. • Focus on Carrier Ions : Review investigated ABs utilizing ions such as sodium, magnesium, zinc, aluminium, and lithium, based on their functionality and efficiency. • Overcoming Challenges for Commercialization : Focussed on primary obstacles in ABs development, with an emphasis on innovations in materials and design to enable wider commercialization. • Advancements in Materials Science : Key progress in electrode materials, electrolyte compositions, and battery structures is discussed. • Comprehensive Review of Recent Research : An extensive review since 2014, offering insights into the latest advancements and trends in aqueous battery technologies.