Spatio-temporal evolution characteristics and influencing factors of traditional villages in the Qiantang River Basin based on historical geographic information

Traditional villages are vital carriers of rural cultural heritage. Examining traditional villages’ distribution and relationships with environments from a historical-geographical perspective can support holistic preservation and adaptive utilization of regional cultural heritage. This study analyzes the spatio-temporal distribution and influencing factors of 595 traditional villages in the Qiantang River Basin by constructing a historical geographic information database. Results reveal:(1) A distinct clustered spatial pattern characterized by two core density zones and a linear aggregation belt along the Qiantang River. (2) The overall spatial development sequence follows a pattern from the northwest to the southeast and then to the southwest, peaking in the Song Dynasty with extensive distribution. (3) Natural factors dominated village formation, with elevation consistently influential across periods, becoming pivotal during the Ming and Qing dynasties. Human factors gained prominence post-establishment. This study clarifies the relationship between the evolution of traditional villages and the historical–geographical context of the Qiantang River Basin, expanding cognitive perspectives on the spatial characteristics of traditional villages.