Effect of Manufacturing Processes on Basalt Fiber-Reinforced Composites for Marine Applications

This study investigates the mechanical performance of basalt fiber-reinforced polymer (BFRP) laminates as a suitable alternative to conventional glass fiber-reinforced composites for marine applications. The laminates were produced by varying the main process parameters: the fiber type was either glass or basalt; the resin material was either polyester or vinylester; the fiber orientation in selected layers was set to either 0°/90°, or to ±45° by rotating the woven fabrics during lay-up, and finally the manufacturing technique was either hand lay-up or vacuum infusion. Three-point flexural tests with different spans were conducted to evaluate the flexural behavior and fracture mechanisms. The best-performing configuration, based on glass fibers and vacuum infusion, achieved a maximum flexural strength of about 500 MPa, while basalt-based laminates reached values of up to 400 MPa. Basalt laminates exhibited the highest flexural modulus, with values exceeding 24 GPa. An increase in span length from 120 mm to 220 mm resulted in a reduction in flexural strength of approximately 6–18% depending on the laminate configuration, highlighting the influence of loading conditions on mechanical behavior. The effect of the manufacturing processes was also evaluated using an analysis of variance. This showed that fiber type, manufacturing method, and span significantly influenced the mechanical performance.