Toward Smart and Sustainable Port Operations: A Blue Ocean Strategy Approach for the Spanish Port System

The digital transformation of the maritime sector, driven by Industry 4.0, is reshaping port operations toward smarter and more sustainable models. This paper analyzed the implementation of Port 4.0 technologies in the Spanish port system through the lens of the Blue Ocean Strategy. By redefining competitive boundaries and applying tools such as the Four Actions Framework and value innovation curves, the study proposes a new strategic vision where ports collaborate rather than compete. Key enabling technologies (such as Big Data, IoT, AI, and Blockchain) were assessed for their capacity to optimize energy use, reduce emissions, and enhance operational efficiency. The findings highlight the potential for a unified, data-driven port ecosystem that creates a new uncontested market space for Spanish ports while promoting environmental and economic sustainability.