A Configurational Analysis of Green Development in Forestry Enterprises Based on the Technology–Organization–Environment (TOE) Framework

The construction of ecological civilization is intrinsically connected to green development. The green development of forestry enterprises serves as a key approach to achieving this goal. The research purpose of this paper is to explore the realization path of green development of forestry enterprises. First, an improved CRITIC (Criteria Importance Through Intercriteria Correlation)–entropy weight method was used to construct a reasonable input-output indicator system. Next, a three-stage data envelopment analysis (DEA) model was employed to evaluate the comprehensive technical efficiency of green development across 33 forestry enterprises in China, using panel data from 2017 to 2022. Finally, the study explored various configurational pathways for achieving green development by integrating the Technology–Organization–Environment (TOE) framework with dynamic qualitative comparative analysis (QCA). The findings reveal that green development in forestry enterprises is shaped by the interplay of multiple factors. Four distinct configurations were identified as instrumental in driving high green development. These configurations could be classified into two categories: the environment–organization synergistic development model and the technology–organization dual-driven model. This study provides empirical insights into the complex configurational relationships underlying green development in forestry enterprises, offering valuable guidance for optimizing development strategies.