The Unsustainable Proximity Paradox in Medium-Sized Cities: A Qualitative Study on User Perceptions of Mobility Policies

Medium-sized cities face unique challenges in fostering sustainable mobility due to their socio-spatial characteristics, including recent decentralized services and urban sprawl. This study examines user-centric factors influencing mobility behaviors in Caceres, Spain, through qualitative focus group analysis with 18 participants across two age groups. By employing a co-occurrence methodology, this research identifies key relationships within four thematic areas: public transport, active mobility, innovation, and urban planning. The findings reveal persistent car dependency despite sustainable policies, driven by the following: (1) inadequate public transport coordination between urban and regional areas, poor information availability, and lack of service synchronization; (2) perceived safety concerns, insufficient infrastructure for cycling, and ineffective pedestrianization strategies; (3) limited adoption of technological solutions due to cultural barriers, preference for informal arrangements, and usability issues with transport apps; and (4) mismatches between urban form and service distribution, proximity perception, and consumer preferences reinforcing car dependency. This study underscores the need for integrated transport systems, mixed land-use planning, and improved accessibility measures to achieve equitable and sustainable mobility transitions. The conclusion includes a series of policy recommendations.