Research on Park Perception and Understanding Methods Based on Multimodal Text–Image Data and Bidirectional Attention Mechanism

Parks are an important component of urban ecosystems, yet traditional research often relies on single-modal data, such as text or images alone, making it difficult to comprehensively and accurately capture the complex emotional experiences of visitors and their relationships with the environment. This study proposes a park perception and understanding model based on multimodal text–image data and a bidirectional attention mechanism. By integrating text and image data, the model incorporates a bidirectional encoder representations from transformers (BERT)-based text feature extraction module, a Swin Transformer-based image feature extraction module, and a bidirectional cross-attention fusion module, enabling a more precise assessment of visitors’ emotional experiences in parks. Experimental results show that compared to traditional methods such as residual network (ResNet), recurrent neural network (RNN), and long short-term memory (LSTM), the proposed model achieves significant advantages across multiple evaluation metrics, including mean squared error (MSE), mean absolute error (MAE), root mean squared error (RMSE), and the coefficient of determination (R2). Furthermore, using the SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) method, this study identified the key factors influencing visitors’ emotional experiences, such as “water”, “green”, and “sky”, providing a scientific basis for park management and optimization.