Modulating Osteoclast Activity and Immune Responses with Ultra-Low-Dose Silver Nanoparticle-Loaded TiO2 Nanotubes for Osteoporotic Bone Regeneration

Our results demonstrated that Ag@TiO₂, through the controlled release of trace amounts of silver ions, significantly suppressed osteoclast activity and consequently alleviated bone resorption under osteoporotic conditions. In addition, Ag@TiO₂-NTs facilitated the polarization of macrophages toward the M2 phenotype. These biological effects were associated with the stimulation of autophagy, a fundamental mechanism involved in cellular repair. Moreover, the activation of autophagy contributed to the suppression of RANKL-induced NF-κB signaling, a pathway essential for the regulation of bone metabolism Conclusion: These results suggest that this surface modification strategy has the potential to be an ideal implant biomaterial for treating osteoporotic bone defects and a promising strategy for future implant surgeries.