Effect of Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) on IL-1β, IP-10, IL-17, TNFα, IL-10 and Soluble IL-2 Receptor in Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia (TRS) Patients—A Preliminary Study

<b>Background</b>: Resistance to antipsychotic treatment in patients suffering from schizophrenia is linked to immune system disequilibrium. One effective therapeutic option for treatment-resistant schizophrenia is electroconvulsive therapy (ECT); however, its impact on cytokines remains poorly understood. The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of ECT on cytokines (IL-1β, IP-10, IL-17, TNFα, IL-10, and soluble receptor for IL-2 (sIL-2R)) in TRS patients. Additionally, correlations between cytokine concentrations and schizophrenia symptoms severity are explored. <b>Methods</b>: Cytokine and receptor concentrations were measured in eight TRS patients before and after ECT and in 13 healthy participants from control group. The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) was used to evaluate the severity of the symptoms. <b>Results</b>: Before ECT, TRS patients exhibited significantly higher concentrations of IL-1ß, IL-10, IL-17, and IP-10 compared to the control group, whereas no significant differences were observed in sIL-2R and TNF-α. In the TRS patients, ECT induced a significant reduction in IL-10, IL-17 and IP-10 levels, while IL-1β, TNF-α, and sIL-2R remained unchanged compared to pre-ECT. ECT also led to clinical improvement in schizophrenia symptoms, as measured by PANSS. Furthermore, correlations between cytokine levels and PANSS results were found. <b>Conclusions</b>: The above results suggest that clinical improvement in TRS patients following ECT is associated with immune modulation, especially with the steadiness between pro- and anti-inflammatory systems. However, further research is required to elucidate these mechanisms in greater detail.