An Exceptionally Rare Predation on a Chameleon Species (Squamata: Chamaeleonidae) by a Eurasian Eagle-Owl (Aves: Strigidae)

The Eurasian eagle-owl (Bubo bubo) is a large, generalist predator widely distributed across Eurasia, including mainland Greece, where it occupies a broad range of habitats. Its diet is known to consist primarily of mammals and birds, with reptiles occasionally included. However, to date, chameleons have not been documented among its prey. Here, we report the first confirmed case of B. bubo preying on an African chameleon (Chamaeleo africanus) in the western Peloponnese of southern Greece—a region where the two species occur in limited sympatry. C. africanus, native to North Africa and introduced to Greece since antiquity, is a diurnal, slow-moving, arboreal lizard with highly cryptic behavior and specialized anti-predator strategies. Despite these traits, our observation highlights its potential vulnerability to nocturnal avian predators. This rare predation event offers novel insights into the trophic ecology of B. bubo and raises important considerations for the conservation of C. africanus, a species listed as Critically Endangered in Greece and increasingly threatened by habitat loss, illegal collection, and road traffic collisions.