Effectiveness of the PBLMAR Model in Improving Student Learning Outcomes: An N-Gain Analysis in Air Conditioning Technology Course

Introduction: this study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the Problem-Based Learning model assisted by Mobile Augmented Reality (PBLMAR) in improving student learning outcomes in the Air Conditioning Technology course. The integration of MAR technology is expected to support student-centered learning and enhance conceptual understanding in vocational education settings.Methods:a quasi-experimental method was applied using a one-group pretest-posttest design. Data collection involved pretest and posttest assessments administered to 30 vocational students. The normalized gain (N-Gain) was calculated using Microsoft Excel to measure the increase in students’ cognitive achievement after implementing the PBLMAR model. N-Gain results were interpreted using standard criteria (high, medium, low).Results:the analysis showed that the average N-Gain score was 0.7, which falls into the category, high category. This indicates a significant improvement in student learning outcomes. Additionally, student responses suggested positive engagement and interest in using MAR-based learning media.Conclusions:the PBLMAR model is effective in improving students’ conceptual understanding and engagement in the Air Conditioning Technology course. The use of N-Gain analysis provides clear evidence of the model's impact, supporting its further application in vocational education.