Anemia in Neurodegenerative Disorders: Implications for Cognitive Decline and Disease Progression

Anemia, a hematological disorder characterized by reduced hemoglobin levels or erythrocyte count, has gained increasing attention as a potential risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), and multiple sclerosis (MS). Emerging evidence suggests that the systemic consequences of anemia, such as impaired oxygen delivery, increased oxidative stress, and dysregulated iron metabolism, may play a crucial role in the pathophysiology of neurodegeneration. Hypoxia-induced neuronal stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neuroinflammation are among the key pathways through which anemia may contribute to synaptic dysfunction, neuronal loss, and progressive cognitive impairment. This review comprehensively examines the mechanistic links between anemia and neurodegeneration, highlighting molecular and cellular pathways involved in anemia-associated neuronal injury. We also evaluate clinical and epidemiological studies that establish correlations between anemia and the onset or progression of neurodegenerative diseases, addressing potential confounding factors and variations across populations. Furthermore, we discuss current and emerging therapeutic strategies aimed at mitigating anemia-induced neurodegenerative changes, including iron supplementation, erythropoiesis-stimulating agents, and novel pharmacological approaches targeting oxidative stress and inflammation. Understanding the complex interplay between anemia and neurodegeneration may open new avenues for early diagnosis, risk stratification, and therapeutic interventions in vulnerable populations. By bridging the gap between hematological and neurological research, this review aims to provide a comprehensive perspective on the potential role of anemia as a modifiable factor in neurodegenerative disease management. Keywords: Anemia, Neurodegenerative Disorders, Cognitive Decline, Alzheimer’s Disease, Parkinson’s Disease, Oxidative Stress, Neuroinflammation, Iron Deficiency