A fit-for-purpose framework for urban occupancy modeling: Theory and a case study

• Novel Level of Detail framework for urban occupancy modeling • Systematic mapping from data sources, modeling methods and applications to the proposed framework. • Framework Validation through a comprehensive urban case study using GPS data. • Structured guidance for urban occupancy model selection strategies based on actual needs. This study proposes a novel Level of Detail (LoD) framework for urban occupancy modeling to address the significant uncertainties that occupancy patterns introduce in Urban Building Energy Modeling (UBEM). We developed a systematic framework that integrates space-based and person-based approaches to provide comprehensive guidance for selecting appropriate modeling methods. First, we carry out a thorough literature review and systematically analyze and map data sources and modeling approaches to various levels of detail. Next, we assess the framework's practical application through a comprehensive case study in an urban environment, proving its ability to help optimize occupancy modeling choices. Our findings demonstrate that for district energy planning, both LoD S0 and S1 are recommended; for district energy system design, LoD S2 proves optimal. Building performance benchmarks and energy retrofit strategy is best fitted with LoD S3, while energy storage and renewable systems design benefits most from LoD P0. Building-level energy system optimization requires LoD S3, P0, or P1, depending on available resources. Framework validation through urban case studies confirms its effectiveness in optimizing occupancy modeling choices for various urban energy applications.