The Future of Automated Tissue Engineering: Robotic‐Assisted Strategies for Complex 3D Tissue Bottom‐Up Assembly

Abstract Over the years, the need for novel solutions to replace damaged tissues has led to the development of new tissue‐engineering strategies. Bottom‐up approaches have gained interest for mimicking the hierarchical cellular organization and intricate nature of tissues. Among these approaches, automated‐assisted techniques, such as robotic handling, have the potential to precisely control the spatial organization of building blocks, allowing the creation of highly specific functional tissues. Recognizing the potential of robotic handling in tissue engineering, this review provides an overview of robot‐assisted bottom‐up approaches for engineering complex tissues, highlighting the advantages and limitations of various systems currently being explored. To address the growing interest in this field, this review also discusses key considerations for the assembly of complex living tissues, while providing insights into future directions and challenges in this rapidly evolving field.