Algae as keystone for blue economy: sustainability and challenges

The study promotes the adoption of algae farming by industries, scientists, and local communities as a pragmatic and economical approach to meet sustainable development goals (SDGs). Algae biomass production is one of the most promising sectors of the blue economy due to their ability to absorb significant amounts of CO2 emissions, provide clean energy, ensure food security, fight malnutrition, treat wastewater, create jobs, and stimulate economic growth in the oceans. The seaweed market is currently increasing within the framework of the blue economy and SDGs, which promote the establishment of businesses and start-ups that adopt a blue and circular economy. Algal biorefineries are considered a key component of the blue economy to potentially decrease negative environmental impacts by sequestering CO2 and producing high-value products. An ecosystem service (ES) documented by the Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services (CICES) and the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA) gives a comprehensive examination of ecosystem services offered by seaweeds. Life cycle assessment (LCA) provides a systematic evaluation of the environmental performance of seaweed production and consumption. Fisher Information Theory as a measure of sustainability taking into account equity in society, the environment, and the economy is highlighted. To maximize the use of aquatic resources, an assessment indicator (cascade model) has been implemented. This review examines the fundamental principles of the circular economy with a focus on Africa. Further investigation is necessary to pinpoint the constraints and challenges on the growth of algal cultures and to deliberate on potential strategies for boosting production.