Human Migration and Human Migration Algorithmic Perspective

Human migration is a complex phenomenon driven by socioeconomic, political, environmental, and demographic factors. Understanding and modeling migration patterns have become vital for planning, humanitarian response, and sustainable development. In parallel, nature-inspired optimization algorithms have gained attention for solving complex real-world problems. One emerging algorithm, Human Migration Optimization (HMO), draws inspiration from the collective behavior of migrating populations and models optimal solutions by simulating the movement of agents toward better "settlements" under survival pressure. This paper presents a comprehensive review of human migration theories and introduces a mathematical foundation for the Human Migration Optimization algorithm. The proposed HMO framework is defined with mathematical equations and compared with other metaheuristic methods. The effectiveness of HMO is highlighted through its unique migration logic, selection pressure, and memory-based movement.