Pathologies of the Cardiovascular System

Purpose of the work: to study in detail the pathologies of the cardiovascular system in children and adults Heart failure is a syndrome of symptoms and signs caused by cardiac dysfunction, resulting in reduced life expectancy. To establish the diagnosis of heart failure, the guidelines of the European Society of Cardiology require the presence of symptoms and signs, objective evidence of cardiac dysfunction (preferably by echocardiography) and, in case of remaining doubt, a favourable response to treatment directed at heart failure. Numerous compensatory mechanisms are involved in supporting the heart in heart failure, including activation of the neurohormonal system.