HYDROGEN HAZARDS, RISKS, AND PROTECTION: AN IN-DEPTH REVIEW

This paper delves into the significance of hydrogen as a clean energy source, focusing on its properties, production, storage, and distribution. The study highlights the general risks associated with hydrogen usage in various sectors, including hydrogen stations, vehicles, and industrial applications. It presents a comprehensive analysis of hydrogen hazards with safety measures, protocols, and regulations at international, national, and occupational levels. A key section of the paper examines several known hydrogen-related incidents, such as explosions and fires at various facilities and locations worldwide, from the BP Texas City Refinery explosion in 2005 to more recent incidents. Each case study provides an in-depth analysis and extracts valuable lessons learned to improve safety standards and protection measures. The paper explores the future of hydrogen and risk management, emphasizing the development of new technologies and innovative solutions for safer hydrogen use. That includes hydrogen fuel cells coupled with renewable energy sources like wind and solar power to ensure a reliable energy supply and enhance grid stability. By integrating hydrogen as an energy storage medium, the study addresses the intermittent nature of renewable energy sources, ultimately contributing to a more stable and flexible energy system. In conclusion, this paper underscores the importance of continued research and development to mitigate risks, enhance protection measures, and ensure the safe adoption of hydrogen as a sustainable energy solution.