Optimizing tourist facility layout in the Forbidden City using multi-source data analysis

The Forbidden City, a globally renowned heritage site and tourist destination, attracts numerous visitors annually. Tourism facilities play a crucial role in enhancing visitor experience. This study examines the spatial distribution and efficiency of three key facilities—seats, signage, and trash bins—within accessible areas. Using spatial behavior theory, focus group interviews, space syntax, environmental behavior studies, and GIS modeling, the research identifies distinct distribution patterns. Facilities are densely concentrated along the central axis, decreasing toward the eastern and western palaces. A shortage is noted in the Front Three Hall, while the Rear Three Palaces are well-equipped, leading to an imbalance in layout and usage efficiency. Findings reveal a positive link between tourists’ environmental behavior and facility utilization. To optimize spatial experiences and support the Forbidden City’s brand image, the study recommends micro-renewal techniques to refine facility distribution and design.