Exploring the Level of Digital Literacy and the Adoption of Precision Farming Technologies Among Smallholder Paddy Farmers in Kedah

Introduction: Digital literacy plays a crucial role in shaping the uptake of precision farming technologies (PFT) among smallholder paddy farmers, particularly in developing countries. In Malaysia, the digital transformation of agriculture is gaining attention, but the readiness and adoption among rural farmers remain uneven. This study investigates how digital literacy influences the adoption of PFT among smallholder farmers in Kedah, focusing on both technological engagement and social learning processes. Objectives: The study aims to: Measure the level of digital literacy among smallholder paddy farmers. Analyze the extent of adoption of various precision farming technologies. Examine the role of informal learning and peer influence in facilitating technology adoption. Methods: A qualitative multiple-case study approach was employed, involving 18 purposively selected farmers from three regions in Kedah: Jitra, Kodiang, and Megat Dewa. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews, field observations, and secondary sources including agricultural extension reports. Thematic analysis was conducted based on Yin’s case study methodology, with interpretation guided by Rogers’ Diffusion of Innovations (DOI) theory. Results: The study found that most farmers regularly use smartphones for communication and agricultural information. However, the adoption of advanced technologies such as drones, IoT sensors, and GPS-integrated applications remains limited. Key enablers of adoption include peer demonstrations, perceived usefulness, and family support. Conversely, barriers such as low digital confidence, high technology costs, and limited access to formal training hinder wider adoption. Informal peer networks and intergenerational learning emerged as significant pathways for knowledge dissemination. Conclusions: This research contributes to the rural digital transformation discourse by contextualizing DOI theory within the Malaysian agricultural setting. The findings suggest that peer-led capacity-building initiatives, community-based extension strategies, and inclusive digital literacy programs can significantly enhance technology adoption among rural farmers. Future studies should explore the long-term impacts of digital interventions and assess policy effectiveness in narrowing the rural digital divide.