Evaluation of a Cell-Based Anti-Mosquito Vaccine Derived from Malpighian Tubules of Culex Mosquitoes in a Mouse Model

Mosquitoes are vectors for several deadly diseases such as dengue, malaria, filariasis, yellow fever, and Zika, contributing significantly to global mortality. Current control methods such as physical, chemical, and biological control are costly, often ineffective, and can pose risks to animal health. As a novel approach, this study aimed to develop a cell-based anti-mosquito vaccine using Malpighian tubule cells from mosquitoes and evaluate its efficacy in a mouse model. Culex mosquitoes were collected, reared and dissected to isolate Malpighian tubules, which were then homogenized to prepare a cell suspension for vaccination. Mice were injected with the subcutaneous vaccine or saline (control) on days 0, 30, 60, and 70. Serological and hematological analyses showed no significant change in red blood cells, but vaccinated mice exhibited increased white blood cells, especially lymphocytes and basophils, and decreased neutrophils after booster doses. Similarly, total IgG level in serum of vaccinated mice was enhanced significantly on Day 70 as compared with that of control mice. Thus, immunogenicity in the vaccinate mice was supported by both hematological and serological results. Upon exposure of mosquitoes to mice, average survival rate of mosquitoes exposed to the vaccinated mice was 34%, significantly reduced as compared to that of the controls (64%), indicating moderate level of effectiveness of the vaccine. However, histological analysis revealed adverse effects on lungs, liver, and kidneys. Thus, while promising, further research is needed to minimize side effects, increase effectiveness up to satisfactory level by using adjuvant, and assess feasibility for human use.