Distribution and conservation status of Ligularia sibirica (Asteraceae) in Europe, with special reference to Ukraine

Based on our thorough analysis of bibliographical and herbarium data and field surveys of historical and existing localities of Ligularia sibirica, a detailed map of its distribution in Europe is presented, which significantly supplements and clarifies the previous information, particularly concerning Ukraine, Poland, and partly Russia. The distribution and status of the species in each European country within its range is described. A special map is also provided for Ukraine, where the species has suffered the greatest decline. In some regions, L. sibirica as a relic boreal species is endangered and has been undergoing decline and extirpation at least since the 19th century. The main threat factors are climate changes and anthropogenic activity, particularly the drainage amelioration of wetlands. Adverse consequences of climate changes mostly concern localities in the plain terrain south-westwards from the boreal zone. In general, mountain populations demonstrate better persistence because the colder and wetter climate conditions in the mountains are more favorable for L. sibirica.