Effect of titanium dioxide nanoparticle concentration on the performance and emissions of a common rail direct injection engine with jute oil mahua ester biodiesel

Research into sustainable and alternative fuel sources for internal combustion engines has accelerated due to ecological concerns and the reduction of fossil fuels.Common rail direct injection (CRDI) diesel engine running on jute oil mahua ester (JOME) biodiesel with titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) nano-additive is used to study the performance characteristics and emissions.Biodiesel derived from jute oil, a renewable and biodegradable source, was blended with varying concentrations of TiO nanoparticles () to augment the efficiency of combustion and reduce emissions.Engine tests were conducted at different loads (0, 25, 50, 75, 100%) to evaluate brake thermal efficiency (BTE), brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), and pollutants such as nitrogen oxides (NO), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), and smoke opacity.Results indicated that the addition of TiO nanoparticles improved combustion performance due to their catalytic properties and oxygen buffering capacity, leading to enhanced BTE and a notable decrease in CO and unburned hydrocarbons.However, a small rise in NO emissions was detected, attributed to higher engine temperatures.Among the tested concentrations, B20+T50 ppm TiO emerged as the optimal dosage, balancing improved performance and reduced emissions without causing injector clogging or adverse effects.Overall, the usage of TiO nanoparticles in jute biodiesel (B20 blend) presents a promising pathway toward cleaner and more efficient engine operation.This aligns with global efforts to diminish greenhouse gas emissions and encourage sustainable energy solutions.