The Effects of Air Pollution on Respiratory Health in Lagos state, Nigeria

Background: Lagos State, Nigeria, is experiencing worsening air quality due to rapid urbanisation, industrial emissions, and heavy vehicular traffic. This environmental challenge has significant implications for public health, particularly respiratory health. Despite the scale of the problem, limited localised research exists on the direct health impacts of air pollution on Lagos residents. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional, exploratory study was conducted using surveys, hospital record reviews, and ambient air quality monitoring across urban and peri-urban areas in Lagos, including Epe and the University of Lagos community. Data were collected on pollutant levels (PM2.5, PM10, NO₂, SO₂, and O₃), self-reported respiratory symptoms, and health outcomes. Supplementary interviews with healthcare workers and environmental officials provided contextual insights. Results: Findings reveal a high prevalence of respiratory illnesses, including asthma, bronchitis, and COPD, among populations exposed to poor air quality. Strong correlations were observed between elevated pollutant concentrations and increased hospital admissions, especially during high-traffic periods. Children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing conditions were disproportionately affected. The study also identified gaps in community awareness and limited enforcement of environmental regulations. Conclusion: Air pollution in Lagos significantly compromises respiratory health, contributing to acute and chronic conditions. Urgent policy interventions, public awareness campaigns, and investments in clean technologies are needed to reduce exposure and improve air quality. The study provides critical local evidence to inform health policy and environmental regulation in urban Nigeria.