A Comparative Analysis of Contributing Factors and Management Approaches for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in the Elderly: Evidence-Based Perspectives from Malaysia and Russia Authors

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a growing global concern, especially in aging populations. As over 95% of all diabetes cases are classified as type 2, addressing this issue among the elderly is critical for public health planning. Malaysia and Russia, two countries with differing healthcare infrastructures and socio-cultural contexts, face increasing T2DM prevalence among their senior populations. This study aims to explore regional disparities and similarities in contributing factors and management approaches to provide evidence-based guidance for improving elderly care. Methods and Materials: This comparative study utilized a comprehensive literature review from databases such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, WHO, and national health registries from 2010 onwards. Epidemiological data, dietary and physical activity trends, socioeconomic influences, and genetic predispositions were analyzed. National management guidelines for T2DM in both Malaysia and Russia were also critically reviewed, including the Malaysian Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Russian National Diabetes Algorithms. Results: Findings revealed that Malaysia exhibits a higher T2DM prevalence in the elderly due to urban lifestyle changes, poor dietary habits, and physical inactivity. Russia, while having a slower increase in prevalence, shows notable disparities in rural healthcare access and higher incidence among older women. Socioeconomic barriers and genetic predispositions play key roles in both regions. Malaysia emphasizes subsidized care and national registries, while Russia relies heavily on universal healthcare and medication access. Both countries face challenges in lifestyle modification adherence and equitable healthcare delivery. Conclusion: T2DM in elderly populations requires context-specific management strategies. While Malaysia must address urban-rural disparities and promote healthier lifestyles, Russia should focus on enhancing accessibility and preventive education. Cross-country insights underscore the importance of tailored, equitable, and proactive approaches in managing T2DM among aging populations globally.