A mini-review of nanoparticle therapeutics targeting oxidative stress and inflammation in diabetes

Abstract Background Diabetes is intricately linked to oxidative stress and inflammation, primarily driven by elevated blood glucose levels that lead to excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The buildup of ROS surpasses the body's antioxidant defenses, leading to damage of proteins, lipids, and DNA, which in turn accelerates the development of diabetic complications. Key processes such as glucose auto-oxidation, activation of the polyol pathway, and the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) significantly amplify the production of ROS. Mitochondrial dysfunction, particularly with aging, compounds the issue by decreasing ATP production while increasing ROS generation. Main text The oxidative stress that results hampers beta-cell function, decreases insulin production, and contributes to insulin resistance. Additionally, ROS-induced inflammation and vascular damage contribute to complications like diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy, and cardiovascular diseases. Chronic hyperglycemia further aggravates inflammation through the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Metabolic pathways contribute to sustained ROS production and weakened antioxidant defenses, including the polyol pathway, protein kinase C (PKC) activation, and the hexosamine pathway. Nanoparticles (NPs) with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant capabilities, such as gold, silver, and cerium oxide NPs, hold the potential for managing diabetes-related inflammation and oxidative stress. Conclusions Curcumin and metal NPs can target macrophages and promote wound healing, while antioxidant and polymeric NPs enhance the efficacy of natural antioxidants. Combination therapies and multifunctional NPs offer a synergistic approach to mitigate diabetic complications by targeting inflammation, oxidative stress, and glucose metabolism, highlighting the potential of NPs in diabetes management.