Low Testosterone in Males and Its Impact on Cardiometabolic and Cardiovascular Disease Risk (A Review Article

Testosterone, the primary male sex hormone, plays a crucial role in metabolic and cardiovascular health. Emerging evidence suggests that low testosterone levels in men are associated with increased risk of cardiometabolic diseases, including obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) (Grossmann, 2011; Saad et al., 2011). This review explores the pathophysiological mechanisms linking low testosterone to these health risks and discusses potential clinical implications and therapeutic interventions.