WeeRo: Design, development and application of a remotely controlled robotic weeder for mechanical weeding in row crops for sustainable crop production

Weeding in row crops is a labor-intensive and time-consuming task, particularly in developing nations where it is often done manually. To address this, a remotely controlled robotic weeder (WeeRo) was developed, featuring a four-wheel-drive mobile robot, a sweep-type weeding mechanism, and remote operation via a handheld wireless kit. Powered by a 24V 42Ah battery and four 100W DC motors, WeeRo achieved a weeding efficiency of 81.6% with 4.5% plant damage in raised bed fields, and 74.9% efficiency with 14.6% plant damage in flat fields. The field capacity was 0.07 ha/h for raised beds and 0.04 ha/h for flatbeds. The system completely removed weeds between rows, reduced operator drudgery, and ensured timely operations. It also addressed labour shortages during peak seasons by allowing safe, comfortable remote operation and improving operator productivity.