Butorphanol–azaperone–medetomidine and ketamine–butorphanol–azaperone–medetomidine chemical immobilization in habituated subadult female giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis)
BAM and KBAM produced reliable chemical immobilization for 30 minutes. The addition of ketamine to the BAM combination is recommended because of its faster induction time. Because of clinically significant hypoxaemia, oxygen supplementation should be administered if these drug combinations are used.
Authors
- Silke Pfitzer (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8119-3999)
- Lisa L. Wolfe
- Liesel Laubscher (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5982-2653)
- Etienne P. Basson (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1967-0461)
- Gareth E. Zeiler (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7653-7726)
- Aleksandr Semjonov
- Michael W. Miller (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3397-6451)
- Jacobus P. Raath
Institutions
- Tshwane University of Technology (ZA)
- Estonian University of Life Sciences (EE)
- Colorado Parks and Wildlife (US)
- Onderstepoort Veterinary Academic Hospital (ZA)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia
- Published
- 2025-05-03
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaa.2025.04.009
- Primary Topic
- Veterinary Pharmacology and Anesthesia
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 0.00
Funders
- Wildlife Pharmaceuticals