National and Intellectual Thoughts in the Programs and Publications of the Kurdish Societies of Union and Progress and Hevi

Evaluating the national and intellectual contexts without delving into the specific political events and military movements holds significant value, particularly in periods that paved the way for understanding national identity and strengthening intellectual connections. This was foundational for the establishment of Kurdish societies and organizations in the early 20th century. The transformations of that era provided a basis for promoting intellectual and political activities within Ottoman communities. This study focuses on the Kurdish Society of Union and Progress and Hevi (Komeley Te’awun û Terreqî and Hevî) from both national and intellectual perspectives. They emphasized language, writing, education, and the education of the Kurdish people, as well as the establishment of libraries, schools, and the publication of newspapers and magazines. Their efforts were pioneering at the time. Meanwhile, their focus on history, national identity, and differentiation from non-Kurdish organizations positioned them as unique entities. They strived for national awakening and expressed nationalist ideas through contemporary approaches, both in their programs and publications. However, various factors prevented them from fully achieving their main objectives, necessitating further scholarly inquiry. Undoubtedly, this topic requires extensive research to trace the early foundations of Kurdish nationalism and its intellectual evolution. And Understanding the roles played by these associations and organizations, their achievements, what roles did these organizations play? Where did their efforts succeed? And what additional steps were necessary for them to achieve their goals? This study is conducted with the aim of evaluating their role and impact in shaping Kurdish nationalism and enlightenment.