The role of biofloc technology in sustainable aquaculture: nutritional insights and system efficiency

The aquaculture industry faces growing challenges due to the increasing global demand for fish products, leading to significant environmental impacts. To meet this demand sustainably, Biofloc Technology (BFT) has emerged as a key solution. BFT utilizes inorganic nitrogen from aquaculture wastewater to improve water quality while simultaneously producing biofloc, which serves as a nutritious feed source for aquatic animals. This results in lower feed conversion ratios (FCR), higher protein efficiency ratios (PER), and improved animal growth and welfare. Feed costs, a major financial burden in aquaculture, are significantly reduced through BFT, benefiting both established and novice farmers. Additionally, BFT conserves water and reduces land usage, addressing key limitations of traditional aquaculture systems. Despite its advantages, certain challenges need to be resolved for BFT to become a fully sustainable and widespread approach, ensuring aquaculture can meet the growing global demand for fish protein without compromising the environment. This review explores the potential and future directions of BFT in strengthening the aquaculture industry.