Photoacoustic technologies in nervous system disorders: An emerging strategy for neuromodulation

Spinal cord injury is a severe neurological disorder; however, current treatment methods often fail to restore nerve function effectively. Spinal cord stimulation via electrical signals is a promising therapeutic modality for spinal cord injury. Based on similar principles, this review aims to explore the potential of optical and acoustic neuromodulation techniques, emphasizing their benefits in the context of spinal cord injury. Photoacoustic imaging, renowned for its noninvasive nature, high-resolution capabilities, and cost-effectiveness, is well recognized for its role in early diagnosis, dynamic monitoring, and surgical guidance in stem cell therapies for spinal cord injury. Moreover, photoacoustodynamic therapy offers multiple pathways for tissue regeneration. Optogenetics and sonogenetics use genetic engineering to achieve precise neuronal activation, while photoacoustoelectric therapy leverages photovoltaic materials for electrical modulation of the nervous system, introducing an innovative paradigm for nerve system disorder management. Collectively, these advancements represent a transformative shift in the diagnosis and treatment of spinal cord injury, with the potential to significantly enhance nerve function remodeling and improve patient outcomes.