Preparation and optimization of a low-frequency wave energy harvester based on piezoelectric materials

This study proposes a magneto-electrically coupled wave energy harvester that converts low-frequency wave energy into electricity, offering a sustainable alternative to conventional chemical batteries for ocean monitoring systems. The harvester employs a ratchet-based scroll spring bidirectional converter that both stores reverse energy to minimize losses and utilizes it to initiate forward motion, thereby enhancing overall conversion efficiency. Through combined experimental and simulation approaches, we systematically optimized key efficiency parameters, achieving a maximum output frequency of 0.6 Hz and a milliwatt-scale power output (5.046 mW). This performance demonstrates the harvester’s capability to sustainably power low-energy ocean sensors in real-world low-frequency wave conditions.