Integration of minimally invasive techniques and interventional therapy: application of percutaneous nephrolithotomy in patients with upper urinary tract stones and an analysis of risk factors for postoperative bleeding

Compared to conventional percutaneous nephrolithotomy, guidewire-assisted percutaneous nephrolithotomy could improve the stone removal rate of patients with upper urinary tract stones and reduce the occurrence of complications, while some patients were still prone to the postoperative bleeding phenomenon, which might be closely related to the preoperative Scr, surgical methods, hydronephrosis, and renal parenchymal thickness. The mentioned phenomenon needed clinical attention and corresponding measures to intervene as soon as possible to reduce the bleeding in the postoperative period.