Simulation and analysis of non-navigational errors in robot-assisted pedicle Kirschner wire placement surgery

Operator habits and vertebral fixation stiffness are the primary factors influencing non-navigational errors, while guide-to-bone surface distance and robotic arm stiffness are secondary factors. This study recommends adopting Habit 1 in clinical surgeries, minimizing the guide-to-bone surface distance, and enhancing the stiffness of the robotic arm and vertebral fixation to reduce non-navigational errors and improve the accuracy of robot-assisted pedicle screw placement.