Biochemical markers in sepsis: Advances in early diagnosis and prognosis

Sepsis is a life-threatening condition characterized by a dysregulated immune response to infection, leading to systemic inflammation and organ dysfunction. Early diagnosis and prognosis assessment are critical for improving patient outcomes. In recent years, biochemical markers have emerged as valuable tools in identifying sepsis at an early stage and predicting disease severity. Among these markers, C-reactive protein (CRP) and procalcitonin (PCT) are widely used due to their rapid response to infection and inflammation. While CRP is a general marker of inflammation, PCT is more specific for bacterial infections and sepsis, making it a key tool in distinguishing bacterial from viral infections. Other emerging biomarkers, such as interleukins (IL-6, IL-10), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and presepsin, offer additional insights into the host's immune response. These markers help in risk stratification, guiding antimicrobial therapy, and monitoring treatment effectiveness. Additionally, novel biomarkers like endocan, pentraxin-3, and heparin-binding protein (HBP) are being investigated for their potential to enhance diagnostic accuracy and predict sepsis-related complications. Advancements in biomarker research have led to the development of multi-marker panels and point-of-care diagnostic tools, enabling faster and more precise detection of sepsis. Despite these advancements, no single biomarker is sufficient for a definitive diagnosis, and a combination of clinical assessment and laboratory findings remains essential. Further research is needed to validate new biomarkers and integrate them into routine clinical practice for improved sepsis management.