Sustainable dyeing of cotton, silk and leather using natural dye from Bixa orellana seeds: extraction, optimization and assessment of antibacterial activity

Using methanol as the solvent and 5 g of seed at 60°C for 60 min, the highest color yield was observed in USB. Using the ultrasonic water bath dyeing method at 60°C for 40 min without using any moderant, cotton, silk fabric, and leather were effectively colored in a yellow-orange color. The L*, a*, and b* values of the dyed material treated using the USB approach were 80.95, 4.52, 75.35 for cotton, 88.65, -1.35, 62.85 for silk, and 79.55, 015.35, 66.45 for leather, respectively. Compared to the other bacterial reduction, 85.25% of the colored materials showed substantial antibacterial action against <i>Staphylococcus</i> sp. <i>Vibrio</i> sp. (76.69%), <i>Pseudomonas</i> sp. (75.83%), <i>Klebsiella</i> sp. (74.24%), and <i>Micrococcus</i> sp. (74.21%) were the following most prevalent bacteria. The ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) measurements showed that leather and cotton treated with <i>B. orellana</i> seed dye had higher UV radiation shielding properties.