Enhancing Climate-Driven Urban Tree Cooling with Targeted Nonclimatic Interventions

Urban trees play a pivotal role in mitigating heat, yet the global determinants and patterns of their cooling efficiency (CE) remain elusive. Here, we quantify the diel CE of 229 cities across four climatic zones and employ a machine-learning model to assess the influence of variables on CE. We found that for every 10% increase in tree cover, surface temperatures are reduced by 0.25 °C during the day and 0.04 °C at night. Trees in humid regions exhibit the highest daytime CE, while those in arid zones demonstrate the greatest cooling effect at night. This can be explained by the difference in canopy density between the humid and arid zones. During the day, the high canopy density in the humid zone converts more solar radiation into latent heat flux. At night, the low canopy density in the arid zone intercepts less longwave radiation, which favors surface cooling. While climatic factors contribute nearly twice as much to CE as nonclimatic ones, our findings suggest that optimizing CE is possible by managing variables within specific thresholds due to their nonlinear effects. For instance, we revealed that in arid regions, an impervious surface coverage of approximately 60% is optimal, whereas in humid areas, reducing it to around 40% maximizes cooling benefits. These insights underscore the need for targeted management of nonclimatic factors to sustain tree cooling benefits and offer practical guidance for designing climate-resilient, nature-based urban strategies.

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Publication Details

Journal
Environmental Science & Technology
Published
2025-05-02
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.4c14275
Citations
37
Primary Topic
Urban Heat Island Mitigation
Type
article
Field-Weighted Citation Impact
29.57

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article

Enhancing Climate-Driven Urban Tree Cooling with Targeted Nonclimatic Interventions

Qihao Weng, Xiaojiang Gao, Rasmus Fensholt, Chenghao Wang et al.
37 citations
Environmental Science & Technology
Urban Heat Island Mitigation
29.57
article

Enhancing Climate-Driven Urban Tree Cooling with Targeted Nonclimatic Interventions

Qihao Weng, Xiaojiang Gao, Rasmus Fensholt, Chenghao Wang, Weiqi Zhou, Mohammad A. Rahman, Jingyuan Xiong, Jike Chen, Jiquan Chen, Siheng Li, Chi Xu, Kangning Huang, Zhaowu Yu, Yuyu Zhou, Wenjuan Ma, Wenjun Yang, Xihan Yao
article en
37 citations

Abstract

Urban trees play a pivotal role in mitigating heat, yet the global determinants and patterns of their cooling efficiency (CE) remain elusive. Here, we quantify the diel CE of 229 cities across four climatic zones and employ a machine-learning model to assess the influence of variables on CE. We found that for every 10% increase in tree cover, surface temperatures are reduced by 0.25 °C during the day and 0.04 °C at night. Trees in humid regions exhibit the highest daytime CE, while those in arid zones demonstrate the greatest cooling effect at night. This can be explained by the difference in canopy density between the humid and arid zones. During the day, the high canopy density in the humid zone converts more solar radiation into latent heat flux. At night, the low canopy density in the arid zone intercepts less longwave radiation, which favors surface cooling. While climatic factors contribute nearly twice as much to CE as nonclimatic ones, our findings suggest that optimizing CE is possible by managing variables within specific thresholds due to their nonlinear effects. For instance, we revealed that in arid regions, an impervious surface coverage of approximately 60% is optimal, whereas in humid areas, reducing it to around 40% maximizes cooling benefits. These insights underscore the need for targeted management of nonclimatic factors to sustain tree cooling benefits and offer practical guidance for designing climate-resilient, nature-based urban strategies.

Environmental Science & TechnologyVol. 59(18)
University of Copenhagen (DK), Hong Kong Polytechnic University (HK), The University of Melbourne (AU), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CN), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology (CN), Fudan University (CN), Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences (CN), New York University (US), University of Oklahoma (US), Michigan State University (US), Nanjing University (CN), University of Hong Kong (HK)
National Natural Science Foundation of China, Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, National Key Research and Development Program of China, Scientific and Innovative Action Plan of Shanghai
Climate action
Openalex Percentile: Top 0%
Urban Heat Island Mitigation
29.57
DOISourceOpenAlex
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