Effect of Tempering Temperature on the Microstructure, Mechanical, and Wear Failure Behaviors of a Novel High‐Vanadium High‐Speed Steel

To enhance the mechanical properties and wear resistance of novel high‐vanadium high‐speed steel (HVHSS), the alloy is tempered at various temperatures (250, 260, 270, and 280 °C) to optimize its comprehensive performance. The MC and M 7 C 3 carbides are initially refined and subsequently coarsened as the tempering temperature increased from 250 to 280 °C. The finest diffuse distribution and minimal grain size (0.425 μm) are achieved at a tempering temperature of 270 °C. The martensite content exhibits an inverse relationship with tempering temperature, except at 280 °C, where the dissolution of carbides induces secondary hardening during martensite tempering. The alloy demonstrates optimal mechanical properties when tempered at 270 °C, with a hardness of 64.1 HRC and a compressive strength of 3039 MPa, primarily due to fine grain and second‐phase strengthening. Wear resistance is directly correlated with these mechanical properties. At 270 °C, fine carbides form a strong bond with the matrix, preventing matrix splitting and significantly enhancing resistance to abrasive spalling. This also inhibits oxygen intrusion into the matrix during reciprocal wear processes. Additionally, the wear mechanism evolves from oxidative wear to abrasive wear and finally to adhesive wear. This study identifies the optimal tempering process, offering valuable insights for the further development of high‐strength, wear‐resistant HVHSS.