Perovskite ABO₃ Multiferroics: Mechanisms, Advancements, and Challenges

This review begins by discussing the classification and underlying mechanisms of multiferroism in materials, providing a foundation for understanding the complex interactions that enable multiferroic behavior. It then explores the fundamental physics of perovskite-based multiferroics, followed by an overview of recent advancements in simple perovskite structures and manganites. Two prominent strategies for inducing multiferroicity within perovskites are highlighted: strain engineering and the manipulation of octahedral distortions, both of which are pivotal for their role in strengthening magnetoelectric coupling. The review also discusses critical challenges, including leakage currents and limitations in current characterization methods, offering insights into potential solutions. These findings aim to guide future research and device design in spintronics and multifunctional applications.