Segmental Morphometrics and their Correlation with the Total Length of Long Bones

Introduction: Morphometric analysis of long bones, such as the humerus, plays a crucial role in forensic anthropology, medical research, and archaeology. Estimating total bone length using segmental measurements becomes essential in cases where complete bones are unavailable. This study aims to examine the correlation between various segmental measurements and total humerus length. Objective: To analyze segmental morphometrics of the humerus and establish their correlation with total bone length, focusing on both right and left humerus bones. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 200 dry ossified humerus bones (106 right, 94 left). Segmental measurements, including the diameters and circumferences of the proximal epiphysis, diaphysis, and distal epiphysis, were taken using digital Vernier calipers and flexible measuring tape. Pearson’s correlation and linear regression analyses were applied to assess the relationship between segmental dimensions and total humerus length. Results: The right humerus was found to be slightly longer and heavier than the left, with statistically significant differences in total length (p = 0.045) and weight (p = 0.032). Strong positive correlations were observed between the total humerus length and the vertical diameter of the humeral head (r = 0.731), transverse diameter of the humeral head (r = 0.665), and upper shaft circumference (r = 0.645). Significant differences between the right and left humerus were also noted in the vertical diameter of the humeral head (p = 0.038). Conclusion: Segmental morphometric measurements of the humerus, especially the diameters of the humeral head and shaft circumferences, are reliable predictors of total bone length. These findings are particularly useful in forensic and anthropological settings where complete bones may not be available, emphasizing the need for region-specific data to enhance predictive models.