CO₂ Emissions in Algeria: An Econometric Investigation of Financial Inclusion, Economic Growth, and Natural Resource Rents

This study investigates the dynamic relationships between financial inclusion, economic growth, natural resource rents, and CO emissions in Algeria over the period 1990-2023.Employing the ARDL bounds testing approach to cointegration and error correction modeling, the analysis reveals significant long-run and short-run linkages among the variables.The findings indicate that economic growth exhibits an Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC)-type relationship with emissions, reflecting a transitional phase where environmental degradation increases with income.Financial inclusion, while enhancing economic participation, contributes positively to CO emissions, suggesting a lack of green financial governance.Furthermore, natural resource rents display a robust and positive correlation with carbon emissions, challenging the assumption of 1 CC BY 4.0.