Application of an Integral‐Based Solution of the Field‐to‐Line Coupling Formula to Direct Lightning Surge Analysis of Distribution Lines†

Recent studies have shown the lightning electromagnetic pulse (LEMP) impact on the direct lightning surge analysis of distribution lines. In this paper, we present an application of an integral‐based solution of Agrawal et al. field‐to‐line coupling formula to the direct lightning surge analysis. The formula is solved with the composite Simpson's rule in the proposed method, and the formula and the entire circuit solved by the nodal analysis technique are interfaced via current sources: the final form of the proposed model includes two additional current sources to the Bergeron line model. The proposed method maintains high accuracy and numerical stability; transient phenomena with abrupt voltage changes, such as the insulator flashover of distribution lines, can be stably solved without specific countermeasures against numerical oscillations. © 2025 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan and Wiley Periodicals LLC.