Augmented Reality-Based Ethnomathematics Learning Media to Enhance Spatial Ability in 3D Geometry for Fifth Grade Elementary Students

This study explores the potential of Augmented Reality (AR)-based learning media integrated with ethnomathematics to enhance students’ spatial ability in the context of teaching 3D geometry to fifth-grade elementary students. Spatial ability, which includes spatial perception, mental rotation, spatial visualization, spatial relations, and spatial orientation, is a critical cognitive skill for understanding geometric concepts. A Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method was employed to identify, evaluate, and synthesize findings from 15 studies related to the use of AR and ethnomathematics in mathematics education. The review reveals that AR offers significant advantages in presenting three-dimensional geometric objects interactively, visually, and concretely, which improves students' comprehension of abstract spatial relationships and enhances mental manipulation of objects. Additionally, the integration of ethnomathematics provides contextual learning experiences by linking mathematical content to students’ cultural backgrounds, thereby increasing engagement and motivation. These findings support the Van Hiele theory, emphasizing the importance of gradual stages in geometric understanding. The combination of AR and ethnomathematics not only deepens spatial reasoning but also promotes meaningful and culturally relevant learning experiences. Future studies should further explore the impact of AR-based ethnomathematical media through empirical classroom-based research and assess its long-term effects on students’ mathematical thinking and spatial abilities. The 21 students selected for the classroom trials were chosen through purposive sampling, ensuring the sample’s relevance to the study context.