Formative Assessment Strategies in Social Science Education: A Conceptual Framework for Achieving the Goals of National Education Policy 2020

Conventional evaluation techniques often emphasise rote memorisation rather than critical thinking, limiting students' capacity to apply knowledge in practical, real-world contexts. This shift necessitates the adoption of creative assessment methodologies that are more adaptable, holistic, and competency-oriented, as opposed to conventional evaluation methods. This paper introduces a conceptual framework integrating formative assessment methods in the social sciences. This study is a systematic review that examines formative assessment procedures using a qualitative-theoretical approach. Some of the assessment procedures under investigation include self and peer assessment, classroom discussions, Venn diagrams, think-pair-share activities, role-playing, simulations, and brief projects. These strategies promote active learning, critical thinking, and metacognitive skills by encouraging students to engage thoroughly with knowledge and enhance their understanding through continuous feedback. This shift aligns with the NEP 2020's objective of cultivating 21st-century competencies, such as problem-solving, adaptability, and multidisciplinary education. This study aims to synthesize effective formative assessment techniques, particularly in social science classrooms, while fostering teaching and learning within the practical context of addressing complex social issues. Through a theoretical outline, this paper provides teachers with practical insights and recommendations for the implementation of formative assessments that not only align with the objectives of NEP 2020 but also foster a dynamic and enriching learning environment. This approach, in the end, emphasises the requirement of modifying assessment techniques to create a classroom environment that is more responsive and learner-centred.